I truly don’t understand how in 2023 with all the digitalization we have cars with backup cameras from at best a 2015 mid range smartphone. What’s preventing a manufacturer like bmw for an example from putting a high end sony sensor like the one on the iPhone 15 into their camera modules?

Two reasons:
It needs to be sturdy and not break for at least five years
They can get away with it. No one is going to switch brands over a backup camera.